In 1990, California native and researcher Ellen Ochoa left her position as chief of the Intelligent Systems Technology Branch at a NASA research center ______blank the space agency’s astronaut training program.

If you try on one of artist Nick Cave’s signature Soundsuits, you can expect to swish, rustle, or clang every time you move. Cave makes his suits out of found objects, everything from ceramic birds to broken record players. He carefully considers the sound an object makes before using ______blank in a suit.

Dr. Rocío Paola Caballero-Gill is a paleoceanographer. This means that Dr. Caballero-Gill doesn’t just study oceans as they are today. She uses chemistry and fossil evidence ______blank oceans as they were in the past. 

American poet Emily Dickinson wrote many of her poems on scraps of paper, but she also took steps to collect these works. From 1858 to around 1864, for example, she copied more than 800 of ______blank into forty homemade booklets (known as fascicles).

Wanda Diaz-Merced is an astrophysicist who lost her sight when she was young. Diaz-Merced’s condition inspired her to develop software that can translate scientific data into sound. Sound-based tools ______blank scientists to detect subtle patterns in data. Such patterns may not be evident in traditional graphs.

Obsidian is a kind of volcanic glass formed when lava cools so quickly that the atoms inside it cannot arrange themselves in a crystalline structure. You ______blank more about obsidian’s structure, which is classified as amorphous, in a later chapter.

The Boston Saloon was one of the most popular African American–owned establishments in nineteenth-century Nevada. ______blank by businessman William A.G. Brown, the saloon was known to offer elegant accommodations and an inclusive environment.